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human lc3 protein sequence  (Novus Biologicals)


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    Structured Review

    Novus Biologicals human lc3 protein sequence
    Autophagy-Lysosomal pathways are impaired in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice and treatment with trehalose and metformin ameliorate aspects of this deficit. Autophagy–lysosomal pathways in RPE and photoreceptors were investigated using transverse sections labeled for autophagosomes with an <t>LC3</t> antibody (red) and lysosomes with a LAMP1 antibody (green). (A-D) Representative images of RPE from (A) WT-control mice, with magnified view of (Ai) LC3-puncta, (Aii) LAMP1-puncta and (Aiii) colocalization (white arrowheads); (B) APOE-control mice; and APOE mice treated with (C) trehalose and (D) metformin are shown. (E) The number of LC3-puncta in the RPE was reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice. This loss of LC3-puncta was not apparent in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin relative to their treated WT counterparts. (F) LAMP1-puncta were also reduced in the RPE of APOE-control relative to WT-control mice and this was not altered by treatment with trehalose or metformin. (G) Both trehalose and metformin were found to enhance the number of colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta, suggesting active autophagy was increased in the RPE of both WT and APOE mice relative to their genetic controls. (H-K) Representative images of the photoreceptor nuclei layer in the retina from (H) WT-control mice, (I) APOE-control mice, and APOE mice treated with (J) trehalose and (K) metformin are shown. (L) The number of LC3-puncta in the photoreceptors were reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice but not in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin. (M) LAMP1-puncta number and (N) colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta were not altered by either genotype or treatment. For all groups n = >6; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#). A-D, scale: 5 µm; Ai-Aiii, scale: 5 µm; H-K, scale: 10 µm; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer.
    Human Lc3 Protein Sequence, supplied by Novus Biologicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 2121 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/lc3b+sequence/LC3B+Antibody+-+BSA+Free/pmc09542759-302-20-27
    Average 99 stars, based on 2121 article reviews
    human lc3 protein sequence - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    99/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Treatments targeting autophagy ameliorate the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE (apolipoprotein E)"

    Article Title: Treatments targeting autophagy ameliorate the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE (apolipoprotein E)

    Journal: Autophagy

    doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2034131

    Autophagy-Lysosomal pathways are impaired in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice and treatment with trehalose and metformin ameliorate aspects of this deficit. Autophagy–lysosomal pathways in RPE and photoreceptors were investigated using transverse sections labeled for autophagosomes with an LC3 antibody (red) and lysosomes with a LAMP1 antibody (green). (A-D) Representative images of RPE from (A) WT-control mice, with magnified view of (Ai) LC3-puncta, (Aii) LAMP1-puncta and (Aiii) colocalization (white arrowheads); (B) APOE-control mice; and APOE mice treated with (C) trehalose and (D) metformin are shown. (E) The number of LC3-puncta in the RPE was reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice. This loss of LC3-puncta was not apparent in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin relative to their treated WT counterparts. (F) LAMP1-puncta were also reduced in the RPE of APOE-control relative to WT-control mice and this was not altered by treatment with trehalose or metformin. (G) Both trehalose and metformin were found to enhance the number of colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta, suggesting active autophagy was increased in the RPE of both WT and APOE mice relative to their genetic controls. (H-K) Representative images of the photoreceptor nuclei layer in the retina from (H) WT-control mice, (I) APOE-control mice, and APOE mice treated with (J) trehalose and (K) metformin are shown. (L) The number of LC3-puncta in the photoreceptors were reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice but not in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin. (M) LAMP1-puncta number and (N) colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta were not altered by either genotype or treatment. For all groups n = >6; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#). A-D, scale: 5 µm; Ai-Aiii, scale: 5 µm; H-K, scale: 10 µm; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Autophagy-Lysosomal pathways are impaired in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice and treatment with trehalose and metformin ameliorate aspects of this deficit. Autophagy–lysosomal pathways in RPE and photoreceptors were investigated using transverse sections labeled for autophagosomes with an LC3 antibody (red) and lysosomes with a LAMP1 antibody (green). (A-D) Representative images of RPE from (A) WT-control mice, with magnified view of (Ai) LC3-puncta, (Aii) LAMP1-puncta and (Aiii) colocalization (white arrowheads); (B) APOE-control mice; and APOE mice treated with (C) trehalose and (D) metformin are shown. (E) The number of LC3-puncta in the RPE was reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice. This loss of LC3-puncta was not apparent in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin relative to their treated WT counterparts. (F) LAMP1-puncta were also reduced in the RPE of APOE-control relative to WT-control mice and this was not altered by treatment with trehalose or metformin. (G) Both trehalose and metformin were found to enhance the number of colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta, suggesting active autophagy was increased in the RPE of both WT and APOE mice relative to their genetic controls. (H-K) Representative images of the photoreceptor nuclei layer in the retina from (H) WT-control mice, (I) APOE-control mice, and APOE mice treated with (J) trehalose and (K) metformin are shown. (L) The number of LC3-puncta in the photoreceptors were reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice but not in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin. (M) LAMP1-puncta number and (N) colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta were not altered by either genotype or treatment. For all groups n = >6; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#). A-D, scale: 5 µm; Ai-Aiii, scale: 5 µm; H-K, scale: 10 µm; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

    Techniques Used: Labeling, Control

    Analysis of LC3 expression shows slowing of autophagy in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice, which is enhanced by treatment with trehalose and metformin. LC3 expression was assessed using simple western and the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I used as a measure of autophagy. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated with metformin (0.4 g/kg/day) or trehalose (3 g/kg/day) provided in the drinking water, while sham controls received standard drinking water. At 13 months of age, (A-B) RPE and (C-D) retina samples were analyzed for LC3B. GAPDH was used as a protein loading control. Representative lane results for (A) RPE and (C) retina are presented: MW, molecular weight marker; 1, WT-control; 2, APOE-control; 3, WT-trehalose; 4, APOE-trehalose; 5, WT-metformin; and 6, APOE-metformin. In both (B) RPE and (D) retina, the LC3-II:LC3-I ratio was higher in APOE-mice suggesting a slowing of autophagy. In APOE animals treated with trehalose or metformin the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I was restored to WT levels. (E-H) To assess autophagy flux, experiments to block autophagy-lysosomal degradation were completed using chloroquine. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated for 2 weeks with metformin or trehalose and then retinae and RPE/choroid/sclera complex were incubated in culture media with or without 50 µM chloroquine for 24 h. Example results for E) RPE and (G) retina from WT and APOE mice are presented: Lanes 1, WT-control; 2, WT-control + chloroquine, 3, APOE-control; 4, APOE-control + chloroquine; 5, APOE-trehalose; 6, APOE-trehalose + chloroquine; 7, APOE-metformin; 8, APOE-metformin + chloroquine. The LC3-II:LC3-I ratio in (F) RPE and (H) retinal samples increased significantly in all samples treated with chloroquine to block autophagy-lysosomal function. For all groups, n = 5; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 (*).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Analysis of LC3 expression shows slowing of autophagy in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice, which is enhanced by treatment with trehalose and metformin. LC3 expression was assessed using simple western and the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I used as a measure of autophagy. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated with metformin (0.4 g/kg/day) or trehalose (3 g/kg/day) provided in the drinking water, while sham controls received standard drinking water. At 13 months of age, (A-B) RPE and (C-D) retina samples were analyzed for LC3B. GAPDH was used as a protein loading control. Representative lane results for (A) RPE and (C) retina are presented: MW, molecular weight marker; 1, WT-control; 2, APOE-control; 3, WT-trehalose; 4, APOE-trehalose; 5, WT-metformin; and 6, APOE-metformin. In both (B) RPE and (D) retina, the LC3-II:LC3-I ratio was higher in APOE-mice suggesting a slowing of autophagy. In APOE animals treated with trehalose or metformin the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I was restored to WT levels. (E-H) To assess autophagy flux, experiments to block autophagy-lysosomal degradation were completed using chloroquine. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated for 2 weeks with metformin or trehalose and then retinae and RPE/choroid/sclera complex were incubated in culture media with or without 50 µM chloroquine for 24 h. Example results for E) RPE and (G) retina from WT and APOE mice are presented: Lanes 1, WT-control; 2, WT-control + chloroquine, 3, APOE-control; 4, APOE-control + chloroquine; 5, APOE-trehalose; 6, APOE-trehalose + chloroquine; 7, APOE-metformin; 8, APOE-metformin + chloroquine. The LC3-II:LC3-I ratio in (F) RPE and (H) retinal samples increased significantly in all samples treated with chloroquine to block autophagy-lysosomal function. For all groups, n = 5; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 (*).

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Simple Western, Control, Molecular Weight, Marker, Blocking Assay, Incubation

    Related Articles

    Incubation:

    Article Title: NRF2 deficiency impairs proliferation and survival of chicken primordial germ cells via oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The membranes were blocked with TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 5% non-fat milk for 2 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibodies: rabbit polyclonal anti-NRF2 (1:2000, 16396-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B (1:1000, NB100-2220, Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA), and rabbit polyclonal anti-GAPDH (1:1000, 10494-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), which was used as the internal loading control for normalization. ..

    Article Title: Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 7 impairs lysophagy in LLOMe-treated HepG2 cells.
    Article Snippet: Then, the samples were separated by SDS/PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). .. Membranes were blocked with 4% skim milk (MBcell, Seoul, Korea) in TBST [25 mM Tris-base (GenDEPOT, Katy, TX, USA), 140 mM NaCl (GenDEPOT), and 0.05% Tween 20 (Sigma)] and then incubated with the indicated primary antibodies: anti-mRFP (Invitrogen, MA5-15257, 1 : 1000), anti-DPP7 (abcepta, AP61032, 1 : 1000), anti-Cathepsin D (Proteintech, 21327-1-AP, 1 : 1000), anti-Cathepsin L (Proteintech, 27952- 1-AP, 1 : 1000), anti-LC3B (Novus Biologicals, NB100-2220, 1 : 3000), and anti-ACTB/b-Actin (Proteintech, 66009-1-Ig; 1 : 10 000). .. For protein detection, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology).

    Control:

    Article Title: NRF2 deficiency impairs proliferation and survival of chicken primordial germ cells via oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis
    Article Snippet: .. The membranes were blocked with TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 5% non-fat milk for 2 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibodies: rabbit polyclonal anti-NRF2 (1:2000, 16396-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B (1:1000, NB100-2220, Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA), and rabbit polyclonal anti-GAPDH (1:1000, 10494-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), which was used as the internal loading control for normalization. ..

    other:

    Article Title: PINK1-mediated mitophagy supports lung cancer initiation and limits the efficacy of KRAS -targeted therapy
    Article Snippet: Western blot (mouse sample) , Novus Biologicals , NB100-2220.

    Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis:

    Article Title: Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation
    Article Snippet: .. Proteins (20 μg per lane) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes, and probed overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: anti-LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NOVUS, NB100-2220), anti-cleaved caspase-3 (CST, 9662) (1:1000), and anti-GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig). ..

    FACS:

    Article Title: Lysosomal multi-omics reveals altered sphingolipid catabolism associated with lysosomal dysfunction in the aging brain.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibody Source Catalog no. # Use Dilution Cytokines and inflammasome: TNFa-PE-Cy7 Biolegend 502929 FACS 1:100 IL1B/IL-1β-PerCP-eF710 NJTEN3, Invitrogen 46–7114-82 FACS 1:100 NLRP3-PE Novus Biologicals NBP2-12446PE FACS 1:100 Flow cytometry – intracellular antibodies and markers: SQSTM1/P62-AF647 Novus Biologicals NBP1-42821AF647 FACS 1:50 LC3B-FITC Novus Biologicals NB100-2220F FACS 1:100 Lamp1-AF700 Biolegend 21627 FACS 1:100 BODIPY-493/503 Themro Fisher D3922 FACS 1:5000 GreenFluoroMyelin Themro Fisher F34651 FACS 1:500 Galectin3/Mac2-PeCy7 Biolegend 125418 FACS 1:100 Plin2 Novus Biologicals NB110-40877AF594 FACS 1:100 .. Anti-HA magnetic beads Thermo Scientific 88837 IP N/A Anti-Flag magnetic beads MCE HY-K0207 IP N/A Cell Reports 45, 118065, October 27, 2026 29 using default parameters and the PCDL file created from Lipid Annotator were used for feature extraction.

    Flow Cytometry:

    Article Title: Lysosomal multi-omics reveals altered sphingolipid catabolism associated with lysosomal dysfunction in the aging brain.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibody Source Catalog no. # Use Dilution Cytokines and inflammasome: TNFa-PE-Cy7 Biolegend 502929 FACS 1:100 IL1B/IL-1β-PerCP-eF710 NJTEN3, Invitrogen 46–7114-82 FACS 1:100 NLRP3-PE Novus Biologicals NBP2-12446PE FACS 1:100 Flow cytometry – intracellular antibodies and markers: SQSTM1/P62-AF647 Novus Biologicals NBP1-42821AF647 FACS 1:50 LC3B-FITC Novus Biologicals NB100-2220F FACS 1:100 Lamp1-AF700 Biolegend 21627 FACS 1:100 BODIPY-493/503 Themro Fisher D3922 FACS 1:5000 GreenFluoroMyelin Themro Fisher F34651 FACS 1:500 Galectin3/Mac2-PeCy7 Biolegend 125418 FACS 1:100 Plin2 Novus Biologicals NB110-40877AF594 FACS 1:100 .. Anti-HA magnetic beads Thermo Scientific 88837 IP N/A Anti-Flag magnetic beads MCE HY-K0207 IP N/A Cell Reports 45, 118065, October 27, 2026 29 using default parameters and the PCDL file created from Lipid Annotator were used for feature extraction.

    Cytometry:

    Article Title: Lysosomal multi-omics reveals altered sphingolipid catabolism associated with lysosomal dysfunction in the aging brain.
    Article Snippet: .. Antibody Source Catalog no. # Use Dilution Cytokines and inflammasome: TNFa-PE-Cy7 Biolegend 502929 FACS 1:100 IL1B/IL-1β-PerCP-eF710 NJTEN3, Invitrogen 46–7114-82 FACS 1:100 NLRP3-PE Novus Biologicals NBP2-12446PE FACS 1:100 Flow cytometry – intracellular antibodies and markers: SQSTM1/P62-AF647 Novus Biologicals NBP1-42821AF647 FACS 1:50 LC3B-FITC Novus Biologicals NB100-2220F FACS 1:100 Lamp1-AF700 Biolegend 21627 FACS 1:100 BODIPY-493/503 Themro Fisher D3922 FACS 1:5000 GreenFluoroMyelin Themro Fisher F34651 FACS 1:500 Galectin3/Mac2-PeCy7 Biolegend 125418 FACS 1:100 Plin2 Novus Biologicals NB110-40877AF594 FACS 1:100 .. Anti-HA magnetic beads Thermo Scientific 88837 IP N/A Anti-Flag magnetic beads MCE HY-K0207 IP N/A Cell Reports 45, 118065, October 27, 2026 29 using default parameters and the PCDL file created from Lipid Annotator were used for feature extraction.

    Membrane:

    Article Title: Agrimol B inhibits pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by induction of lethal mitophagy through decreasing mitochondrial transcription termination factor 3
    Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against caspase 9 (680095), HADHA ( R24526 ), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) (306 028), autophagy related 7 (ATG7) ( R23498 ), Sequestosome-1 (P62) (380612), cathepsin D (CTSD) (380946), and voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) ( R26067 ) were acquired from Zenbio. .. An anti-microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) antibody (NB100-2220) was purchased from Novus, while anti-MTERF3 (EM1701-29) and lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) (M1603-5) antibodies were purchased from HuaBio. .. The anti-Parkin (14060–1-AP) and mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit 23 (TIM23) (11123–1-AP) antibodies were purchased from Proteintech, and an anti-PINK1 antibody (ab216144) was purchased from Abcam.

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: Targeting VPS4 elicits STING-driven anti-tumor immunity to suppress rhabdomyosarcoma growth.
    Article Snippet: .. The following antibodies were used for immunoblotting: GFP (Cell Signaling Technology [Danvers, MA, USA], #2956S, 1:1000), IRF3 (Cell Signaling Technology #4302S, 1:1000), phospho-TBK1 (Cell Signaling Technology #5483S, 1:1000), TBK1 (Cell Signaling Technology #71543SF, 1:1000), phospho-STING (Cell Signaling Technology #72971S, 1:1000), STING (Cell Signaling Technology #13647S, 1:1000), Cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling Technology #9661S, 1:1000), β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich [St. Louis, MI, USA], #A5441, 1:10,000), VPS4A (Sigma-Aldrich #SAB4200215, 1:1000), VPS4B (Santa Cruz Biotechnology [Dallas, TX, USA], #sc-377162, 1:200), cGAS (Cell Signaling Technology #31659S, 1:1000), p62/SQSTM1 (PROGEN Biotechnik [Heidelberg, Germany], #GP62-C, 1:1000), ATF-3 (Cell Signaling Technology #18665S, 1:1000), and LC3B (Novus Biologicals [Centennial, CO, USA] #NB100-2220, 1:5000). .. The following inhibitors were used to dissect innate immune signaling pathways: BMS-345541 (Sigma-Aldrich #B9935-5MG), 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (MedChemExpress [Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA], #HY-12686), GSK8612 (MedChemExpress #HY-111941), C-176 (MedChemExpress #HY-112906), NBP2-31226 (Novus Biologicals #NBP2-31226), RIG012 (MedChemExpress #HY-147124), and MSA-2 (MedChemExpress #HY-136927).

    Cell-Signaling:

    Article Title: Targeting VPS4 elicits STING-driven anti-tumor immunity to suppress rhabdomyosarcoma growth.
    Article Snippet: .. The following antibodies were used for immunoblotting: GFP (Cell Signaling Technology [Danvers, MA, USA], #2956S, 1:1000), IRF3 (Cell Signaling Technology #4302S, 1:1000), phospho-TBK1 (Cell Signaling Technology #5483S, 1:1000), TBK1 (Cell Signaling Technology #71543SF, 1:1000), phospho-STING (Cell Signaling Technology #72971S, 1:1000), STING (Cell Signaling Technology #13647S, 1:1000), Cleaved caspase 3 (Cell Signaling Technology #9661S, 1:1000), β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich [St. Louis, MI, USA], #A5441, 1:10,000), VPS4A (Sigma-Aldrich #SAB4200215, 1:1000), VPS4B (Santa Cruz Biotechnology [Dallas, TX, USA], #sc-377162, 1:200), cGAS (Cell Signaling Technology #31659S, 1:1000), p62/SQSTM1 (PROGEN Biotechnik [Heidelberg, Germany], #GP62-C, 1:1000), ATF-3 (Cell Signaling Technology #18665S, 1:1000), and LC3B (Novus Biologicals [Centennial, CO, USA] #NB100-2220, 1:5000). .. The following inhibitors were used to dissect innate immune signaling pathways: BMS-345541 (Sigma-Aldrich #B9935-5MG), 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (MedChemExpress [Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA], #HY-12686), GSK8612 (MedChemExpress #HY-111941), C-176 (MedChemExpress #HY-112906), NBP2-31226 (Novus Biologicals #NBP2-31226), RIG012 (MedChemExpress #HY-147124), and MSA-2 (MedChemExpress #HY-136927).



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    human lc3 protein sequence - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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    Autophagy-Lysosomal pathways are impaired in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice and treatment with trehalose and metformin ameliorate aspects of this deficit. Autophagy–lysosomal pathways in RPE and photoreceptors were investigated using transverse sections labeled for autophagosomes with an LC3 antibody (red) and lysosomes with a LAMP1 antibody (green). (A-D) Representative images of RPE from (A) WT-control mice, with magnified view of (Ai) LC3-puncta, (Aii) LAMP1-puncta and (Aiii) colocalization (white arrowheads); (B) APOE-control mice; and APOE mice treated with (C) trehalose and (D) metformin are shown. (E) The number of LC3-puncta in the RPE was reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice. This loss of LC3-puncta was not apparent in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin relative to their treated WT counterparts. (F) LAMP1-puncta were also reduced in the RPE of APOE-control relative to WT-control mice and this was not altered by treatment with trehalose or metformin. (G) Both trehalose and metformin were found to enhance the number of colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta, suggesting active autophagy was increased in the RPE of both WT and APOE mice relative to their genetic controls. (H-K) Representative images of the photoreceptor nuclei layer in the retina from (H) WT-control mice, (I) APOE-control mice, and APOE mice treated with (J) trehalose and (K) metformin are shown. (L) The number of LC3-puncta in the photoreceptors were reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice but not in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin. (M) LAMP1-puncta number and (N) colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta were not altered by either genotype or treatment. For all groups n = >6; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#). A-D, scale: 5 µm; Ai-Aiii, scale: 5 µm; H-K, scale: 10 µm; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

    Journal: Autophagy

    Article Title: Treatments targeting autophagy ameliorate the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE (apolipoprotein E)

    doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2034131

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Autophagy-Lysosomal pathways are impaired in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice and treatment with trehalose and metformin ameliorate aspects of this deficit. Autophagy–lysosomal pathways in RPE and photoreceptors were investigated using transverse sections labeled for autophagosomes with an LC3 antibody (red) and lysosomes with a LAMP1 antibody (green). (A-D) Representative images of RPE from (A) WT-control mice, with magnified view of (Ai) LC3-puncta, (Aii) LAMP1-puncta and (Aiii) colocalization (white arrowheads); (B) APOE-control mice; and APOE mice treated with (C) trehalose and (D) metformin are shown. (E) The number of LC3-puncta in the RPE was reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice. This loss of LC3-puncta was not apparent in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin relative to their treated WT counterparts. (F) LAMP1-puncta were also reduced in the RPE of APOE-control relative to WT-control mice and this was not altered by treatment with trehalose or metformin. (G) Both trehalose and metformin were found to enhance the number of colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta, suggesting active autophagy was increased in the RPE of both WT and APOE mice relative to their genetic controls. (H-K) Representative images of the photoreceptor nuclei layer in the retina from (H) WT-control mice, (I) APOE-control mice, and APOE mice treated with (J) trehalose and (K) metformin are shown. (L) The number of LC3-puncta in the photoreceptors were reduced in APOE-control mice relative to WT-control mice but not in APOE-mice treated with trehalose or metformin. (M) LAMP1-puncta number and (N) colocalized LC3- and LAMP1-puncta were not altered by either genotype or treatment. For all groups n = >6; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 shown for genotype (*) and treatment (#). A-D, scale: 5 µm; Ai-Aiii, scale: 5 µm; H-K, scale: 10 µm; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer.

    Article Snippet: To label autophagosomes, a polyclonal rabbit antibody against MAP1LC3B/LC3 generated against a synthetic peptide to the N-terminal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence was used (1:300; Novus Biologicals, NB100-2220).

    Techniques: Labeling, Control

    Analysis of LC3 expression shows slowing of autophagy in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice, which is enhanced by treatment with trehalose and metformin. LC3 expression was assessed using simple western and the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I used as a measure of autophagy. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated with metformin (0.4 g/kg/day) or trehalose (3 g/kg/day) provided in the drinking water, while sham controls received standard drinking water. At 13 months of age, (A-B) RPE and (C-D) retina samples were analyzed for LC3B. GAPDH was used as a protein loading control. Representative lane results for (A) RPE and (C) retina are presented: MW, molecular weight marker; 1, WT-control; 2, APOE-control; 3, WT-trehalose; 4, APOE-trehalose; 5, WT-metformin; and 6, APOE-metformin. In both (B) RPE and (D) retina, the LC3-II:LC3-I ratio was higher in APOE-mice suggesting a slowing of autophagy. In APOE animals treated with trehalose or metformin the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I was restored to WT levels. (E-H) To assess autophagy flux, experiments to block autophagy-lysosomal degradation were completed using chloroquine. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated for 2 weeks with metformin or trehalose and then retinae and RPE/choroid/sclera complex were incubated in culture media with or without 50 µM chloroquine for 24 h. Example results for E) RPE and (G) retina from WT and APOE mice are presented: Lanes 1, WT-control; 2, WT-control + chloroquine, 3, APOE-control; 4, APOE-control + chloroquine; 5, APOE-trehalose; 6, APOE-trehalose + chloroquine; 7, APOE-metformin; 8, APOE-metformin + chloroquine. The LC3-II:LC3-I ratio in (F) RPE and (H) retinal samples increased significantly in all samples treated with chloroquine to block autophagy-lysosomal function. For all groups, n = 5; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 (*).

    Journal: Autophagy

    Article Title: Treatments targeting autophagy ameliorate the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE (apolipoprotein E)

    doi: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2034131

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of LC3 expression shows slowing of autophagy in the RPE and retina of APOE-mice, which is enhanced by treatment with trehalose and metformin. LC3 expression was assessed using simple western and the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I used as a measure of autophagy. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated with metformin (0.4 g/kg/day) or trehalose (3 g/kg/day) provided in the drinking water, while sham controls received standard drinking water. At 13 months of age, (A-B) RPE and (C-D) retina samples were analyzed for LC3B. GAPDH was used as a protein loading control. Representative lane results for (A) RPE and (C) retina are presented: MW, molecular weight marker; 1, WT-control; 2, APOE-control; 3, WT-trehalose; 4, APOE-trehalose; 5, WT-metformin; and 6, APOE-metformin. In both (B) RPE and (D) retina, the LC3-II:LC3-I ratio was higher in APOE-mice suggesting a slowing of autophagy. In APOE animals treated with trehalose or metformin the ratio of LC3-II:LC3-I was restored to WT levels. (E-H) To assess autophagy flux, experiments to block autophagy-lysosomal degradation were completed using chloroquine. At 5 months of age, WT- and APOE-mice were treated for 2 weeks with metformin or trehalose and then retinae and RPE/choroid/sclera complex were incubated in culture media with or without 50 µM chloroquine for 24 h. Example results for E) RPE and (G) retina from WT and APOE mice are presented: Lanes 1, WT-control; 2, WT-control + chloroquine, 3, APOE-control; 4, APOE-control + chloroquine; 5, APOE-trehalose; 6, APOE-trehalose + chloroquine; 7, APOE-metformin; 8, APOE-metformin + chloroquine. The LC3-II:LC3-I ratio in (F) RPE and (H) retinal samples increased significantly in all samples treated with chloroquine to block autophagy-lysosomal function. For all groups, n = 5; Two way ANOVA with post-hoc significance of p < 0.05 (*).

    Article Snippet: To label autophagosomes, a polyclonal rabbit antibody against MAP1LC3B/LC3 generated against a synthetic peptide to the N-terminal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence was used (1:300; Novus Biologicals, NB100-2220).

    Techniques: Expressing, Simple Western, Control, Molecular Weight, Marker, Blocking Assay, Incubation